A leader must have followers

A leader must have followers It is a relationship through which one person influences the behavior or actions of other people. A leader must have followers. Leaders create a vision and then communicate the vision to his followers. Leader energies, inspire and motivate others to translate the vision into achievement. A good leader must have qualities, personality, characteristics or traits. Leadership traits include personal magnetism or charisma (gift from GOD), interpersonal skills, analytical thinking, imagination, decisiveness, trustworthiness, persuasiveness, self motivation, flexibility and vision. There are some styles of leadership: Autocratic: The manager makes all the decisions and issues instructions which must be obeyed without question. Advantages: Quick decisions can be made when speed is required It is most efficient type of leadership for highly programmed, routine work Disadvantages: Communication between the manager and subordinate will be one way. There may be lack of helpful feedback It does not encourage contribution or initiative from subordinates Persuasive: The manger still makes all the decisions, but explains them to subordinates, and attempts to motivate subordinates to carry them out willingly. Advantages: Selling decisions to staff might make them more willing Staff will have a better idea of what to do when unforeseen events arise in their work, because the manager will have explained his intensions. Disadvantages: Subordinates will not necessarily be committed to decisions in which they have not been involved There is no contribution or feedback of subordinates Democratic: Leader and followers make the decision together, on the basis of consensus, or compromise and agreement. Advantages: It can provide high commitment to the decision reached It takes advantage of the knowledge and expertise of individuals in different areas, for high quality, flexible decision making Disadvantages: The authority of the manager might be undermined Decision making might become a very long process Clear cut decisions might be difficult to reach Participative: The manager confers with subordinates and takes their views and feelings into account, but retains the right to make the final decision. Advantages: Employees are involved in decisions. This encourages motivation through greater interest and involvement. Employees can contribute knowledge and experience, to help in solving problems related to their work. Disadvantages: it might take longer to reach decisions subordinates might be limited in their viewpoint on organizational issues if the manager does not take employees advice, they might perceive the process to be meaningless P7: explain the different motivational theories and their application within the workplace Motivation: Motivation is the driving force which causes us to achieve goals. Motivation may be rooted in the basic need to minimize physical pain and maximize pleasure, or it may include specific needs such as eating and resting, or a desired object, goal, state of being, ideal, or it may be attributed to less apparent reasons such as altruism, selfishness, morality, or avoiding mortality. F.W. Taylor: Taylor made the first serious attempt to analyze worker motivation in order to advise management on the best ways to increase worker performance or productivity. The techniques he used of establishing an idea or an hypothesis, studying and recording performance at work, altering working methods and re-recording performance are still used in modern industry. This approach has become known as scientific management due to the detailed recording and analysis of results that it involved. His main aim was to reduce the level of inefficiency that existed in the US manufacturing industry. The scope for efficiency gains in early twentieth century manufacturing plants was huge. The vast mass of workers were untrained and non-specialized. They were poorly led by supervisors and managers with little or no formal training in dealing with people. There was usually no formal selection or appraisal system of staff and many were recruited on a daily or weekly basis with no security of employment. How to improve productivity (Taylors scientific approach): Select workers to perform a task. Observe them performing the task and note the key elements of it. Record the time taken to do each part of the task. Identify the quickest method recorded. Train all workers in this quickest method and do not allow them to make any changes in it. Supervise workers to ensure that this best way is being carried out and to time them to check that the set time is not being exceeded. Pay workers on the basis of results (based on the theory of economic man) The theory of economic man was widely held, and Taylor himself supported this notion. The view was that man was driven or motivated by money alone and the only factor that could stimulate further effort was the chance of earning extra money. He always maintained that workers should be paid a fair days pay for a fair days work and that the amount should be directly linked up to output through a system known as piece rate. This means paying workers a certain amount for each unit produced. To encourage high output a low rate per unit can be set for the first units produced and then higher rates become payable if output targets are exceeded. Elton Mayo: Elton Mayo is best known for his Hawthorne Effect conclusions. These were based on a series of experiments he and his team conducted over a five year period at the Hawthorne factory of Western Electric Co. in Chicago. His work was initially based on the assumption that working conditions (lightning, heating, rest periods and so on) had a scientific effect on workers productivity. Experiments were undertaken to establish the optimum working conditions at all. The results surprised all observers, as lightning and all other conditions were changed, both improved and worsened, so productivity rose in all groups including the control group. This forced Mayo to accept that: Working conditions in themselves were not that important in determining productivity levels Other motivational factors needed to be investigated further before conclusions could be drawn. Subsequent experiments were carried out with a group of assembly line workers. Changes to rest periods, payment systems, assembly bench layout and canteen food were made at twelve week intervals. Crucially, before every major change, the researchers discussed the new changes with the work group. At the end of the experiments the working conditions and work hours were returned to how they had been before the start of the trial. Output rose far above the original level. Maslow hierarchy theory: Maslows hierarchy of needs is a theory in psychology, proposed by Abraham Maslow in 1943. Then in 1954 this theory was fully expressed in his book Motivation and Personality. Maslows hierarchy of needs is often portrayed in the shape of a pyramid, with the largest and most fundamental levels of needs at the bottom, and the need for self-actualization at the top. The most fundamental and basic four layers of the pyramid contain what Maslow called deficiency needs or d-needs: esteem , friendship and love, security, and physical needs. With the exception of the most fundamental (physiological) needs, if these deficiency needs are not met, the body gives no physical indication but the individual feels anxious and tense. Maslows theory suggests that the most basic level of needs must be met before the individual will strongly desire (or focus motivation upon) the secondary or higher level needs. Maslows hierarchy of needs, represented as a pyramid with the more basic needs at the bottom: This hierarchy was interpreted by Maslow as follows: individuals needs start on the lowest level once one level of need has been satisfied, humans will strive to achieve the next level self-actualization or self-fulfillment is not reached by many people but everyone is capable of reaching their potential once a need has been satisfied it will no longer motivate individuals to action, thus when material needs have been satisfied the offer of more money will not increase productivity Herzberg and the Two factor theory: Despite basing his research on just 200 professionally qualified workers, Herzbergs conclusions and famous two factor theory have had the greatest impact on motivational practices since Taylors work almost 60 years earliest. His research was based around questionnaires and interviews with employees with the intension of discovering: those factors that led to them having very good feelings about their jobs and those factors that led to them having very negative feelings about their jobs. His conclusions were that: Job satisfaction resulted from five main factors: achievement, recognition for achievement, the work itself, responsibility and advancement. He called these factors the motivators. He considered the last three to be the most significant. Job dissatisfaction resulted from five different factors: company policy and administration, supervision, salary, relationships with others and working conditions. He termed these hygiene factors. These were the factors that surround the job itself (extrinsic factors) rather than the work itself (intrinsic factors). Herzberg considered that the hygiene factors had to be addressed by management to prevent dissatisfaction, but even if they were in place they would not, by themselves, create a well-motivated workforce. Vrooms theory: Vrooms theory assumes that behavior results from conscious choices among alternatives whose purpose it is to maximize pleasure and minimize pain. The key elements to this theory are referred to as Expectancy, Instrumentality, and Valence. The Expectancy Theory of Victor Vroom deals with motivation and management. Vrooms theory assumes that behavior results from conscious choices among alternatives whose purpose it is to maximize pleasure and minimize pain. Together with Edward Lawler and Lyman Porter, Vroom suggested that the relationship between peoples behavior at work and their goals was not as simple as was first imagined by other scientists. Vroom realized that an employees performance is based on individuals factors such as personality, skills, knowledge, experience and abilities. The expectancy theory says that individuals have different sets of goals and can be motivated if they believe that: There is a positive correlation between efforts and performance, Favorable performance will result in a desirable reward, The reward will satisfy an important need, The desire to satisfy the need is strong enough to make the effort worthwhile. P8: Assess the relationship between motivation theory and the practice of management. Payment or financial reward system: Hourly wage rate: This is the most common way of paying manual, clerical and non-management workers. An hourly time rate is set for the job perhaps by comparing with other firms or similar jobs and the wage level is determined by multiplying this by the number of hours worked. This total is usually paid weekly. Piece rate: A rate is fixed for the production of each unit, and the workers wages therefore depend on the quantity of output produced. The piece rate can be adjusted to reflect the difficulty of the job and the standard time needed to complete it. These issues are determined by work study. The level of the rate can be very important. If set too low it could demotivate the workers but if too high it could reduce the incentives, because workers will be able to meet their target wage level by producing relatively few units. Salary: This is an annual sum that is usually paid on a monthly basis. It is the most common form of payment for professional, supervisory and management staff. The salary level is fixed each year and it is not dependent on the number of hours worked (time rate) or the number of units produced (piece rate). The fixing of the salary level for each job is a very important process because it helps to determine the status of that post in the whole organization. Job evaluation techniques may be used to assist in deciding the salary bands and the differences between them. In most organizations, all jobs will be put into one of a number of salary bands and the precise income earned within each band will depend upon experience and progress. It is always possible to gain promotion to another job in a higher salary band. Firms that are interested in creating a single status within their organization are now increasingly putting all staff manual and managerial on to annual salaries to give the benefi ts of security and status to all employees. Example of salary bands: Job grade Salary band (per year) Regional heads Rs.100000 Rs.200000 Departmental heads Rs.50000 Rs.75000 Office managers Rs.30000 Rs.40000 Secretaries Rs.15000 Rs.25000 Junior clerical staff Rs.5000 Rs.10000

Consumer Decision Making Process Essay

The consumer purchase decision process is generally viewed as consisting of sequential steps or stages through which the buyer passes in purchasing a product or service. The various steps in this process, as well as the relevant internal psychological processes, those occur at each stage such as motivation, perception, attitude formation, integration and learning. 1. Problem recognition—is the first step in the consumer decision-making process. This is caused by a difference between the consumer’s ideal state and actual state. There are various causes of sources of problem recognition. These include: a. Out of stock b. Dissatisfaction c. New needs / wants d. Related products/ purchases e. Marketer induced problem recognition f. New products Look more:  the consumer buying process begins when essay 2. Information Search—being the second step in the consumer decision making process, involves a scan of information stored in memory to recall past experiences or knowledge regarding purchase alternatives. External search involves go to outside sources to acquire information such as personal sources, marketer controlled sources, public sources, or through personal experiences such as examining or handling a product. 3. Alternative Evaluation— At, this stage the consumer compares the various brands and services, he or she has identified as being capable of solving the consumption problem and satisfying the needs or motives that initiated the decision process. The evoked set is a subset of all the brands of which the consumer is aware and actively considering in the decision process. A goal of marketers is to ensure that their brands are included in the evoked set of consumers. 4. Purchase Decision—as an outcome of the alternative evaluation stage the consumer may develop a purchase intention or predisposition to buy a certain brand. Once this intention has been made and an intention formed, then the consumer implements it and makes the actual purchase. Many purchase decisions are made on the basis of brand loyalty which is a preference for a particular brand that results in its repeated purchase. Many purchase decisions for non-durable, low involvement items take place in the store and decision and purchase occur almost simultaneously. For these types of decisions top-of-mind awareness of a brand is important as is the influence of packing, shelf displays, point-of-purchase materials, and various sales promotion tools. 5. Post-purchase Evaluation—the consumer decision process does not end once the product or service has been purchased. After using a product or service the consumer compares the level of performance with expectations. Satisfaction occurs when the consumer’s expectations are either met or exceeded, while dissatisfaction results when performance is below expectations. Another possible outcome of purchase is cognitive dissonance which refers to a feeling of psychological tension or post-purchase doubt a consumer may experience after making a difficult purchase choice. Consumers often look to advertising for supportive information regarding the choice they have made. 6. Variations in Consumer Decision Making—consumers do not always engage in all five steps of the purchase decision process nor proceed in the sequence presented. There are three major variations of the consumer decision making process. †¢Routine response behavior—many purchase decisions for low-priced, frequently engaged in brief internal search and making the purchase. Marketers of products characterized by routine response behavior must get and/or maintain their brands in the consumers’ evoked set and encourage brand loyalty. Those not in the evoked set must encourage trial and brand switching.

Universal education and gender parity essay

Some 104-121 million kids of primary school age are non in school, with the worst deficits in Africa and South Asia. Girls are disproportionately affected, peculiarly in Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia and East Asia and the Pacific, where 83 % of all out-of-school misss live ( UNESCO, 2004 ) .Cosmopolitan Education and Gender Parity EssayIn this essay I will discourse whether I believe that Africa will make the planetary end of cosmopolitan primary instruction and gender para at all degrees of instruction by 2015. I will utilize my findings to separate whether I believe Africa will make the specified ends by 2015. First I will concentrate on whether Africa will make the planetary end of cosmopolitan primary instruction by 2015. Harmonizing to African Development Bank Group ( 2009 ) Most African states are on path to accomplish cosmopolitan primary registration by 2015, if current tendencies continue, nevertheless even though harmonizing to The United Nations ( 2010 ) registration in primary instruction has continued to lift and is making 89 per cent in the development universe the gait of advancement is still deficient to guarantee that, by 2015, all misss and boys finish a full class of primary schooling. The African Development Bank Group ( 2009 ) states that if actions are taken to better entree to primary instruction for kids from hapless families, for kids who live in rural countries, and for HIV orphans will decrease the job at manus. With all Inquisitions the African Development Bank Group ( 2009 ) states that Africa as a whole has an addition in the primary completion rates nevertheless The United Nations ( 2010 provinces that half of the sub-Saharan African states have at least one in four kids of primary-school left school in 2008 therefore although acquiring kids into school is a critical first measure one needs to maintain the kids go toing categories, this will so increase the chance that one will have the full benefits of instruction. Harmonizing to The United Nations ( 2010 ) Household information from 42 states show that rural kids are twice every bit likely to be out of school as kids populating in urban countries. The information besides show that the rural-urban spread is somewhat wider for misss than for male childs. But the biggest obstruction to instruction is poverty. Besides the rural-urban spread, there was an mean addition of 5.3 per centum in completion rates in 17 African states between 2005 and 2006 ( African Development Bank Group 2009 ) . The mean primary completion rate is low in states in struggle and in states emerging from struggle and therefore current tendencies show that the continent is improbable to accomplish the primary completion mark ( African Development Bank Group 2009 ) . Harmonizing to the United Nations ( 2010 ) in order to run into the end, states will besides necessitate to guarantee that there are adequate instructors and schoolrooms to run into the demand. Between now and 2015, the figure of new instructors needed in sub-Saharan Africa entirely equals the current instruction force in the part ( United Nations 2010 ) . Harmonizing to the United Nations ( 2010 ) many states educating misss is widely perceived as being of less value than educating male childs which now brings me to the whether Africa will make gender para at all degrees of instruction by 2015. Harmonizing to the African Development Bank Group ( 2009 ) the continent continues to do advancement toward gender equality and authorization of adult females, the African development Bank Group stated the misss ‘ primary school registration rate outstripped that of male childs between 2000 and 2006 nevertheless despite these additions, misss still account for 55 per centum of the out-of-school population in the part farther more it was found that In 2008, there were 96 misss for every 100 male childs enrolled in primary school ( United Nations 2010 ) . Harmonizing to the United Nations ( 2010 ) in Secondary Education 95 misss for every 100 male childs enrolled in secondary school. In 1999, the ratios were 91:100 and 88:100 for the two degrees of instruction, severally. Despite this advancement, gender para in primary and secondary education-a mark that was to be met by 2005-is still out of range for many developing parts ( United Nations 2010 ) , hence most African states have yet to accomplish gender para in secondary instruction, about four old ages after the mark day of the month of 2005. Merely 11 states have achieved this mark ( African Development Bank Group 2009 ) . Harmonizing to the African Development Bank Group ( 2009 ) even though topographic points such as Lesotho and Namibia had more misss enrolled in secondary schools than male childs it is extremely improbable that African states will make the mark of gender para in secondary instruction by 2015, if current tendencies continue, nevertheless 10 states have a gender p ara in secondary instruction. Harmonizing to the African Development Bank Group ( 2009 ) the advancement towards gender para in third instruction is besides slow and merely eight African states have achieved gender para in third instruction. In sub-Saharan Africa and Southern Asia, for illustration, merely 67 and 76 misss per 100 male childs, severally, are enrolled in third degrees of instruction ( United nations 2010 ) and therefore many African states have reported advancement in gender para in regard to adult literacy, in 2007 eight states reported the mark as achieved ( African Development Bank Group 2009 ) . The African Development Bank Group ( 2009 ) say that with the addition in adult female in third instruction work forces ‘s societal and economic places are threatened, hence immature work forces are withdrawing into traditional and spiritual establishments that shore up their places and authorization. This is ensuing in increasing force against adult females and on juncture, to spiritual and other cultural struggles in society ( African Development Bank Group 2009 ) . Consequently, in order to safeguard the promotion of adult females ‘s authorization, a set of policies should besides be introduced to guarantee that male educational and employment chances are non significantly eroded in the procedure ( African Development Bank Group 2009 ) . Harmonizing to the United Nations ( 2010 ) adult females do stand for a big portion of waged workers ; nevertheless it does non intend that they have secure, nice occupations. In fact, adult females are typically paid less and have les s unafraid employment than work forces. Therefore in decision I feel that Africa will non make the planetary end of cosmopolitan primary instruction and gender para at all degrees of instruction due to the ends holding a mark of guaranting that by 2015 kids everyplace male childs and misss likewise will be able to finish a full class of primary schooling and to extinguish gender disparity in primary and secondary instruction sooner by 2005 and in all degrees of instruction no subsequently than 2015 ( United Nations 2010 ) . Already harmonizing to the United Nations ( 2010 ) most African states have yet to accomplish gender para in secondary instruction, about four old ages after the mark day of the month of 2005 and that many scholars leave school before making their concluding twelvemonth in the primary instruction sector and many of them being misss. This consequences in less girl scholars making secondary and third instruction which causes so the gender issue within the secondary and third degrees of instruction. Therefore for Africa to make these ends by the allocated clip they need to get down taking drastic steps and concentrate on making schooling chances for the hapless and unless this occurs we will non make these ends.

Italian Verbs Conjugated Sposare

Overcoming Obstacles Essay Topics Reviews & Guide

Overcoming Obstacles Essay Topics Reviews & Guide Overcoming Obstacles Essay Topics Secrets There's a trail by my house I go to regularly. While you might have spent a great deal of time working on your goals for the next calendar year, there are lots of things which are going to become in your way to achieving them. Because college isn't likely to be smooth sailing and you're anticipated to manage challenging situations all on your own. If you recognize the kind of obstacle you're addressing, it is going to help to prevent you from veering off course, and at times, never getting back on course. You should encourage yourself when trying to accomplish your objectives, even if people aren't encouraging and supporting you. A lot of people give up just before the break through and lose out on a valuable prospect. Losing'' customers'' is a significant source of lost income for the majority of businesses. Do your research, and that means you know what questions to stay in mind. To have the ability to take a look at a bad or mundane circumstance and help it become better. If your response is less that 7 you are not likely to follow this up completely. To guarantee that you will see a complete answer to every question, we've got a support team that is always online. A setback may be an career-ending injury, and it may also be a not getting the funding you were promised for an undertaking. Now you have really defined your goal you're prepared to go. You're able to fail to make the very first team. Education plays a significant role in the life span of the authors. Why Almost Everything You've Learned About Overcoming Obstacles Essay Topics Is Wrong Individuals that are successful at building a change are the people who will willingly overcome their fears, doubts and insecurities so as to make it take place. Every person has been faced with things that shape their character mor e often than once in the course of their life. A lot of people start out making goals only for the interest of making them. Other People Quite frequently the people which are closest to us fear us achieving our targets. The journey of self change may consist of different journeys like the exploration of new and unfamiliar perspectives that have the possibility of introducing us to new suggestions and perceptions which then have the capability to open our minds to more new ideas. Nowadays it's very difficult to locate a trustworthy essay writing service. The perfect way to move forward on your own path is to realize the possible obstacles and plan in advance how you are going to address them! Since you understand what the end resembles, you will work through all the obstacles and challenges that you encounter on the way. Fear isn't anything more than a negative thought, which results in negative emotions, which then makes a physical manifestation within your body. Another kind of fear is the fear of succeeding. Men and women using fear in a try to control you are most likely insecure. You only require perseverance and patience. Simply take a minute immediately to reflect back on a number of the setbacks you have experienced in your life. To be prosperous in changing career paths, you must learn how to overcome obstacles you will encounter on the way. When you are confronted with negative obstacles, developing a positive story that you may read and listen to regularly re-energizes you. The Basics of Overcoming Obstacles Essay Topics Fear is an all potent controller. You have to monitor your ideas and take the action needed to secure you where you would like to be. When it can be a rather moving topic, it may also be too personal too share. Share your targets and be as clear as possible. Seeing your success is a rather strong tool.

The Juvenile Justice System Is A State Level System Of...

Today in the United States, citizens under the age of 18 are considered minors. In our criminal justice system, about 1 million juveniles under the age of 18 are arrested each year. While violent crimes by juveniles are decreasing, the female juvenile population has grown tremendously. Both girls and boys who are in the juvenile system usually have problems at home and school that have put them at risk for delinquency. This includes maltreatment, poverty or both, and these factors may have a negative impact on their adjustment to adulthood. In the state of Connecticut, the juvenile justice system is a state level system of juvenile courts, detention centers, private residential facilities and juvenile correctional facilities. In Connecticut, the Superior Court for Juvenile Matters has exclusive original jurisdiction over juveniles accused acts. Delinquents are children, prior to their eighteenth birthdays, who have violated or attempted to violate any federal or state law, order of the Superior Court, or any local or municipal ordinance. Although the same criminal statutes apply to both adults and juveniles, in most cases juveniles are subject to different procedures than adults. When a child is presented into the system, their first encounter occurs with a police officer. Police officers have a wide discretion when it comes to juveniles. Police can make the decision to issue a warning and release the juvenile, speak with parents and release them, make a referral to aShow MoreRelatedThe U.S. Census reported that 1.6 million individuals under the age of 18 were arrested in 2010, a700 Words   |  3 Pagesof 18 were arrested in 2010, a substantial increase from previous years (OJJDP, 2012; US Census Bureau, 2012). Of those individuals detained, over nine percent were convicted as juveniles and entered into a juvenile detention facility (Risler, 2009). Approximately 500,000 children are currently in the foster care system, while almost 300,000 have medical probl ems, have neurological impairs, and developmental delays (Earls, 2013). In addition, they were all exposed to some degree of critical abuseRead MoreJuvenile Justice Facilities : Protecting The Health And Wellness Of Our Youngest Inmates1370 Words   |  6 PagesPREA Mandates in Juvenile Justice Facilities: Protecting the Health and Wellness of our Youngest Inmates Jennifer Hulvat Kaplan University, J.D. Full Time Faculty March, 2015 The month of April brings a change of seasons around the country, and a new focus issue to the table; Health and Wellness. In the area of Juvenile Corrections, we might take this opportunity to revisit a topic I wrote about in February, â€Å"Incarcerated Youth at Risk: Is Your Facility Doing Enough to Avoid Liability?† UltimatelyRead MoreDo Incarcerated Youth Get The Education They Need?913 Words   |  4 Pagespost-secondary education, employment, and wellbeing in adulthood. Historically, one group of students in the United States has received grossly inadequate education: children in juvenile correctional facilities. Little to nothing is known about educational programs in juvenile detention centers. Limited information is available on best practices for educating youth in the juvenile justice system whether committed or detained. Koyama cites that existing empirically based educational practices do not readilyRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency And Juvenile Criminal Justice System1475 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: Juvenile delinquency is an ever growing issue in the United States, according to the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, â€Å"In 2012, there were 3,941 arrests for every 100,000 youths ages 10 through 17 in the United States† (OJJDP, 2014). The way juveniles are treated in the criminal justice system is very different than the way adults are. In 1899, in Cook County, Illinois, the first juvenile justice system in the country was founded. This established an alternativeRead MoreShould Adult Offenders Be Allowed?933 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout the United States, thousands of children have been sentenced as adults and sent to adult prisons. Without the possibility of parole, nearly 3000 kids nationwide have been sentence to life in prison. Children as young as 13 years old have been tried as adults and sentenced to die in prison, usually without any consideration of their age or facts or conditions that surround the offense. Trying teens as adults gives w ay to many opinions. The researcher believes minors should be up-held toRead MoreMinority Minorities And The Juvenile Justice System900 Words   |  4 PagesDisproportionate Minority Contact Minority children are exposed to the juvenile justice system at a higher percentage than their white peers. Minority children are over represented at every level of the judicial process. Minority children are more likely to be charged, detained, and confined. The proportion of minorities increases as each level becomes more restrictive. Research also indicates that minority children receive harsher treatment than Caucasian children do. Minority children are moreRead MoreJuvenile Vs. Adult Corrections939 Words   |  4 PagesJuvenile vs. Adult Corrections The correctional justice system of the United States focused to keep crime out of the streets. The age group divides once the criminal becomes eighteen or above, but sometimes the lines are drawn at the age eighteen to determine if the criminal is convicted of a crime as a juvenile or as an adult. The system allows a rehabilitation facility to maintain criminals from relapsing an offense they have done or will do in the future. Although, criminals charged as an adultRead MoreCommunity Based Corrections Essay example1108 Words   |  5 PagesCommunity based corrections is a program which supervises people who have been convicted or are facing conviction. It is a non-incarcerate system of correction. These offenders have been convicted or are facing conviction. Some offenders have entered these programs before being in jail and some serve a part of their sentence in jail before entering the program. The goals of the community based corrections would be one of providing guidance, program opportunities and support to the offender’sRead MoreShould People Less Than Eighteen Years Old (Minors/Juveniles/Adolescents) Ever Be Tried and Sentenced as Adults?1516 Words   |  7 PagesShould people less than eighteen years old (minors/juveniles/adolescents) ever be tried and sentenced as adults? The legislation of trying and sentencing youth criminals under adult justice system has been a hot topic of debate. Supporters of tough laws on insist the need to enforce harsh penalties to uphold justice. The practice of treating youth criminals as adults since the 1990s is a result of the steep rise in youth crimes. However, youth advocates argue that tough laws should not be appliedRead MoreA Brief Note On Academic And Professional Communications1471 Words   |  6 Pagesfaced by both federal and state run facilities, however, as the privatization of correctional facilities became more prevalent, so too did instances of corruption. As more federal and state run institutions became privatized there was a marked increase in numbers of those incarcerated as well as a push for more stringent sentencing of those convicted of committing a crime. This has resulted in those companies responsible for running these facilities taking advantage of a system originally set up to house

The Placebo Effect free essay sample

A placebo is basically a control substance when testing for something else. For instance a company is testing their protein shakes and they have a person do a lifting workout and then drink a protein shake. To see that it works they will sometimes mix in the placebo. The placebo is actually just a control that has none of the protein in it, yet the person does not know that. This is how the placebo effect came about. In many of these experiments it was found that the placebo did not throw off the actual substance because the person still thought they were getting the beneficial substance. When they knew that they were getting a control substance their performance did incline with the protein and did not when they were receiving the placebo. There has been many experiments now, trying to understand why this happens. Caffeine has been tested by weightlifting, testosterone with aggressiveness, performance-enhancing shots, and even sports clothing with performance. So is it a certain product we are using that helps us perform better or possibly just the products of our own mind? There has been much research to find out. Caffeine is a popular substance that is supposed to enhance sport performance. There have been many tests that show that it does work by using a placebo, yet the problem is that there are also many tests that show something else. A control group is used with the assumption that the placebo is inactive. There was never supposed to be anything such as the placebo effect. Also the subjects in the experiments were not supposed to act differently when they thought they were or were not taking it. To figure things out scientists in the United Kingdom designed an experiment with the placebo effect on weight lifting. Fifteen males with lifting experience were recruited. Scientists told the men that they were in a study on the effects of caffeine on weightlifting performance. They also told them that they would be consuming two solutions, one containing caffeine and the other a placebo in random order, yet they were actually getting two placebos. The subjects came to the lab three different days all between 9a. m and 12p. m (â€Å"Placebo Power†). For the first visit the subjects tested their maximum strength one rep max on single leg extensions. The second day the subjects all warmed up for five minutes cycling and then tested. They did one set of single leg extensions until failure at sixty percent of their one rep max. All repetitions were counted and the trials were separated by one to three days. All of the data and feedback was noted. The total amount of weight was counted (repetitions multiplied by weight), and the perceived exertion rate (RPE, the measure of work the subjects thought they were putting in) was determined (â€Å"Placebo Power†). To the subjects all three trials were different. In one trial, the control trial, the subjects consumed nothing. In the other two trials the subjects did consume a pill an hour before the trial but they did not know what it was. They were told that they were receiving a caffeine pill on one of the days and a placebo on the other, yet they got a placebo for both trials. Even more, the researchers that interacted with the subjects did not even know the true nature of the research and that there was no caffeine ever used until the end of the study. After all of the trials the subjects were given a questionnaire asking which trial they thought they received the placebo and which day they received the caffeine. After the result analysis researchers found that the subjects completed an average of 4. 1 more reps when they thought they had taken caffeine before the trial as opposed to when they thought that they took the placebo (â€Å"Placebo Power†). As for the total weight lifted, 306 lbs. more was lifted on average when the subjects thought they had consumed caffeine (â€Å"Placebo Power†). As regards to RPE, the subjects were higher when they thought that they had gotten the placebo for the trial instead of the caffeine or the control trial. What that indicated was that the subjects thought that they had to work much harder to lift the weight when they thought they had just taken a placebo. Of the fifteen subjects thirteen of them said that they had expected the caffeine to enhance their weightlifting performance. From this study it is clear that expectation is everything. When someone expects for caffeine to enhance their workout then it will whether it’s a placebo or not. When the subjects thought they were getting caffeine they lifted more weight and did more repetitions on average. Also when they thought they were receiving the placebo they expected to have to work harder in order to reach their previous goals. In another study about testosterone and aggressiveness a placebo effect was found. There were three groups of male athletes from a university. There was a control group, a testosterone group, and a placebo group where they were told they were getting testosterone but really got nothing. The subjects were all interviewed about how they were feeling and also tested physically. There was definitely a placebo effect found but also a big surprise of the effects of actual testosterone. With the self-estimated data of the feeling of anger and irritation both graphs looked the same. The control group said that they did not notice any changes. The placebo group noticed many changes. On average the levels of anger and irritation went way up (Bjorkqvist,2010). One man said that he and friends noticed him being on edge and very irritable (Bjorkqvist,2010). Physically he said that he felt better than ever. Not only did he think that his body was able to work harder and lift more weight effortlessly, he also said that he became more self-confident in competition. The most interesting thing in this experiment was the effects of the testosterone, or should I say lack of effect. The group that actually received the testosterone said in their self evaluations about anger and irritability that they noticed no change. Before the treatment, before the exercise, and after the exercise they said that they stayed the same behaviorally. The difference that was found was in what they thought about how they were able to work physically. They all on average thought that the testosterone had enhanced their physical performance (Bjorkqvist,2010). In reality the data that was collected in all of the tests showed that physically all of the groups showed no differences. There were no enhancements or weaknesses. Although there was a definite placebo effect found, it differs completely. In the first experiment, the placebo effect was shown in self evaluation and also with data from weightlifting. In the second experiment, the only changes were with the placebo group in the self evaluation. There could be many expectation factors that make this experiment have a questionable outcome. Some may want the testosterone to have positive effects by saying that they experienced enhanced physical performance and no negative personality traits that have been accused before. There is a question mark at the end of this experiment on everything but the placebo effect. The placebo effect can be seen with anything. It is not necessarily always an oral intake of a substance, it could even be clothing. For swimmers, their suits may mean the difference in winning and losing. A swimmer may take a while to get suited up but it is for a good reason. The said new and improved speed suit covers the body from shoulders to ankles and is tighter than skin tight. The reason these suits are so important is because it reduced jiggle. The more jiggle a swimmer has, the more time it takes for their body to move through the water (Barone,2008). These suits are said to condense the breasts and buttocks for less drag. In an experiment with the placebo effect in sports wear a professional swimmer was tested. This swimmer was known to always buy the latest â€Å"performance enhancing† suits and did believe in them. The suit brands are very careful with their claims now. These suits were supposed to reduce drag and nothing else. The speed enhancement was just assumed. Science shows that a suit may be able to shave of a fraction of a second traditionally so for this experiment that was the hypothesis of the scientist (Barone,2008). The actual conclusion was quite different though. The swimmer ate what he normally would before a meet and did the same warm up. The timer started and the swimmer was off. Seems that the swimmer was quite a positive thinker because it turned out that he shaved over an unheard of fifteen seconds off his time (Barone,2008). The placebo effect is shown because statistically swimwear would not be able to make that huge of a marginal change. The placebo has been proven to work in pain killing more than anything (â€Å"How To Cheat Without Cheating†). A scientist once saw research of people that had been injected with morphine for two days saw pain relief for those two days and also after that when they were injected with nothing but a placebo. This led him to test it in sports performance. He and colleagues simulated a tournament of four teams of athletic men in pain endurance competitions. In one their forearm was strapped with a tourniquet as they squeezed a hand spring repeatedly until pain forced them to stop. All of the scores were taken and averaged over the whole team. One of the teams was injected with morphine two weeks before the competition and also one week before and then on the big day they got saline solution thinking they were still receiving morphine. This is the legal way to use them. Another team was injected with saline that was combined with an opiate-blocking drug. The other two teams received no treatment at all but one with a placebo on competition day. The team that received morphine and then the placebo on competition day endured a lot more pain than the other three groups. The group injected with the mixed saline did no better than to two control groups (â€Å"How To Cheat Without Cheating†). What this show is that the placebos actually do reduce pain because the person believes that it does. The brain is encouraged to produce more natural opiates than customary (â€Å"How To Cheat Without Cheating†). The placebo effect has been proven in many different ways. Even if the conclusions about the other groups they were tested are not accurate the placebo effect was accurate. The placebo effect is actually just a mind effect. I think an athlete wants to see enhancement of performance whether they are actually getting a substance or not as long as it is legal. Whether it is the brain or biology the placebo effect is real.